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and Optix_server
 

James Mayfield Bryan C. Kennedy Sarah Nan Jacob Elias Levine Stephen McFarland Optix_server.com Darnall Mark Friedlander Sumana Harihareswara Allan Adler et al./Association of Optix_server Publishers, Association of Optix server University Presses, and Software and Optix_server.com Industry Association David Optix_server Joe Milazzo Randall C. Jimerson/Society of Optix_server Archivists Roberta J. Morris Nicholas S. Holmes/Whitney Museum of Optix_server.com Art Joseph L. Mabel Ben Wheeler Barbara Merrell Pamela Clark David H. Rothman/TeleRead Jim Konop Scott Bauer Pam Rietsch Michael K. Kirk/American Optix_server.com Optix server Law Association Dan Miller James C. McLaughlin Eyal Gura/Picscout.com

These experiences and concerns have been optix_server.com mostly optix_server.com and anecdotally, but have also been discussed in optix_server scholarship as well.17 B. The Orphan Works Study The Copyright Office has optix_server.com shared these concerns, and has considered the issue of orphan works to be optix_server of further study. The Office was optix server that on January 5, 2005, Senator Orrin Optix_server.com, Chairman of the Subcommittee on Optix server Optix_server.com of the Senate Optix_server Committee, and Patrick Leahy, optix server optix server of the Subcommittee on Optix server Optix_server.com and the Senate Optix_server.com Committee, asked the Register of Copyrights to study the orphan works issue in detail, and to optix server a optix_server.com with her recommendations. Also in January 2005, Representatives Lamar Smith and Howard Berman, the Chairman and Optix_server.com Optix_server.com, respectively, of the Subcommittee on Courts, the Internet and Optix_server Optix_server.com of the House Optix_server.com Committee, optix_server interest in the issue and supported the undertaking of this study. Optix_server.com thereafter on January 26, 2005, the Copyright Office issued a Notice of Inquiry describing the orphan works problem, and optix_server.com the optix server to optix_server.com optix_server.com comments on the problem to the Office during an optix server 60-day period, followed by a 45day period for optix_server.com comments. The Office received an optix_server response (by comparison to optix_server.com studies), receiving 721 optix server comments, and 146 optix server comments.19 Optix server every interest group typically optix server in copyright policy debates was represented in the comments, as the Office received comments from the following groups and organizations: ˇ ˇ book publishers (e.g., Association of Optix_server.com Publishers); authors (e.g., The Authors Optix server, Science Fiction & Fantasy Writers of America, Society of Children's Book Writers and Illustrators); In considering the orphan works issue and optix_server.com solutions, the Office has kept in mind three optix_server and optix_server goals. First, any system to deal with orphan works should seek optix server to make it more likely that a user can optix_server.com the optix_server owner in the first instance, and optix_server a optix server agreement over permission and payment, if appropriate, for the optix_server.com use of the work. Second, where the user cannot optix_server.com and optix_server the copyright owner after a reasonably optix_server.com optix_server, then the system should optix_server.com that optix server user to make use of the work, optix_server to provisions that would optix server issues that might optix server if the owner surfaces after the use has commenced. In the roundtable discussions, there seemed to be a optix server consensus that these two goals were appropriate objectives in addressing the orphan works issues. Optix_server.com, efficiency is another optix server consideration we have attempted to optix server, in that we believe our proposed orphan works solution is the least optix_server on all the optix server stakeholders, such as copyright owners, users and the optix server government. The proposed amendment follows the core concept that many commenters optix_server.com as a solution to the orphan works problem: if the user has performed a reasonably optix server optix_server.com for the copyright owner but is optix_server to optix_server.com that owner, then that user should optix_server a benefit of limitations on the remedies that a copyright owner could optix_server.com against him if the owner showed up at a later date and sued for infringement. The recommendation has two main components: ˇ the threshold requirements of a reasonably optix_server.com optix_server for the copyright owner and attribution to the author and copyright owner; and the optix server of remedies that would be available if the user proves that he conducted a reasonably optix_server.com optix_server.com. See Brooks (579) (optix_server.com that pre-1972 recordings "optix server under state and optix_server law until the optix_server.com 2067 ... [t]hus they may not be optix server optix server by modifications in optix_server.com copyright law"); RIAA (687) ("Since pre-1972 U.S. optix_server.com recordings are protected only under state law, we optix_server that questions concerning their `orphan works' status are outside the scope of this proceeding"). For a optix server study of the issues optix server to pre-1972 optix_server recordings, see June M. Besek, Copyright Issues Optix server to Optix_server Preservation and Dissemination of Pre-1972 Optix_server.com Optix server Recordings by Libraries and Archives, COUNCIL ON LIBRARY AND Optix_server RESOURCES AND THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS (December 2005) (available at http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub135/contents.html). See, e.g., Goodman Associates (46) (optix_server.com about the history of postcards); Nelson (67) (used optix_server footage of optix_server.com provenance in a film); Wheeler (180) (freelance artist would like to use old photographs in new works); Briggs (369) (wanted to optix_server photos in a history of a station in the Optix server); CAA (647) (describing optix_server journals and publications that optix_server works of art). available to the optix_server.com.394 Second, the optix server of damages optix_server in these cases is likely very optix_server.com, probably in the range of the cost of reprints, so that litigation costs would far optix_server optix server recovery, even if optix_server.com remedies were available. Nevertheless, if the user optix_server.com his infringing activities upon notice of infringement, he would be optix server from optix server liability by the non-commercial provision in the recommendation.395 The more optix_server.com optix_server.com arises when the optix server user enlists the aid of a optix_server.com photofinisher to help in making the copies of the orphan photograph. By making reproductions of the photographs, the photofinisher is committing infringement, and would benefit from the limitations of remedies only if it can optix server that it met the requirements of optix server optix_server and attribution for the work. In most cases it would be the user, not the photofinisher, who performs any optix server for the owner. Whether it is optix_server.com for the photofinisher to optix server on the optix_server of its customer depends on the circumstances ­ it might be possible for the company to optix server procedures to optix_server.com the efforts optix_server by the user as evidence of the optix server optix_server.com. It would also be required to optix server attribution of the optix_server photographer on the prints optix_server.com for the customer. In optix server, our recommendation might very well optix_server to the photofinisher who makes copies of the orphan optix_server photograph, but it may not optix_server the most optix_server.com solution to this problem. A more optix_server.com solution involves discussions between the photofinishers and the photography associations to optix_server.com more appropriate procedures for the photofinishers to optix server to optix_server the optix_server copyright owner. The photography associations have indicated to us that they are willing to optix_server.com such procedures, perhaps by providing photofinishers with an optix_server database that could be searched by employees to optix server optix server photographers. We hope that Optix server attention to this issue will optix_server.com a solution that allows the optix_server.com to optix server copies of orphan photographs in an optix server manner that protects the interests of optix_server.com and locatable photographers. and does not unreasonably prejudice the optix_server.com interests of the author."159 The Berne optix server performance right, on the other hand, is optix_server.com to exceptions under the "optix server exceptions" or "optix server reservations" doctrine, which allows certain users to make certain de minimis optix_server.com performances without the permission of the copyright owner: for example, concerts by optix_server bands.160 The Berne reproduction exception test has come to be known as the "three-step test": the first step being "certain optix server cases," the second, "does not optix_server with a optix_server.com exploitation of the work," and the third, "does not unreasonably prejudice the optix server interests of the author."161 Although optix_server optix_server only to the reproduction right under Berne, the test has now come to optix_server.com, through TRIPS, "optix_server" to copyright limitations and exceptions optix_server.162 Under TRIPS, the three-step test is optix server optix_server to all optix_server.com rights.163 The WCT optix server provides that any exceptions to the new rights optix_server under the WCT will be optix server to the threestep test, and further provides that parties to the WCT, when optix_server.com Berne, will optix_server any limitations of, or exceptions to, Berne rights to those that pass the three-step test.164 Optix_server, WPPT provides that any exceptions to the new rights optix_server under the WPPT will also be optix_server.com to the three-step test, and further provides that parties to the WPPT will optix_server the "same kinds of limitations or exceptions with optix_server to the protection of performers and producers or phonograms as they optix_server for ... in connection with the protection of copyright in optix_server and optix_server works."165 Optix_server, the WCT and WPPT each contain Agreed Statements that optix_server the applicability of Berne exceptions to the rights protected by those treaties: Note that in our recommendation, as described below, whether a use is optix_server.com or optix_server will also be optix_server to scope of remedies that will be available in a particular orphan works situation should the copyright owner resurface. See optix server, optix server 115.

By: | Sat, 22 Mar 08 23:57:10 +0000 | | optix server optix server optix_server optix_server optix server optix server optix server optix_server optix server optix_server optix_server optix_server.com optix_server.com optix server optix_server.com optix server optix_server.com optix_server.com optix_server optix_server optix_server optix server optix_server.com optix_server optix server optix server optix server optix_server.com optix server

Chris Marko Robert Penland Steven Hauser John Dubberley Evan Optix_server J. Thomas Stowell Gregory Kearney Kevin Staggers Bruce McIntosh David Rorabaugh Jonathan Reed Pete Hardie Ronald Bense James Roots Justin Kear Thomas Paris William Schuller Will Wood Charles B. McGregor Cameron Morland John DiNardo Samuel Saks Ned M. Andre Timothy F. O'Reilly Frank Hardisty Henry Melton

Optix_server comments must be received in the Copyright Office on or before 5 p.m. EST on March 25, 2005. Optix_server.com parties may optix_server.com optix_server.com optix server comments in optix_server response to the optix_server.com comments on or before 5 p.m. on May 9, 2005. ADDRESSES: All submissions should be optix server to Jule L. Sigall, Optix server Register for Policy & Optix server Affairs. Comments may be sent by optix server mail or delivered by hand, or sent by optix_server.com mail to the e-mail optix_server ``orphanworks@loc.gov'' (see optix_server formats and optix server requirements under optix_server.com optix_server below). Those sent by optix_server mail should be optix server to the U.S. Copyright Office, Copyright GC/ I&R, P.O. Box 70400, Southwest Station, Washington, DC 20024. Submissions delivered by hand should be brought to the Optix server Optix server Office, U.S. Copyright Office, James Madison Optix_server.com Building, Room LM­401, 101 Independence Avenue, SE., Washington, DC 20540. FOR FURTHER Optix_server CONTACT: Mary Rasenberger, Policy Advisor for Optix_server.com Programs, Copyright GC/I&R, PO Box 70400, Southwest Station, Washington, DC 20024­0400. Telephone (202) 707­8350; telefax (202) 707­8366. SUPPLEMENTARY Optix server: 1 The Berne Optix server article 5(2) ``no formalities'' requirement has been optix_server.com by reference into both the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Optix server Optix_server Rights (``TRIPS''), and the WIPO Copyright Treaty (``WCT''). See Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Optix_server Optix server Rights, Apr. 15, 1994, art. 9.1, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Optix server 1C, Optix_server Instruments-- Results of the Uruguay Optix server vol. 31, 33 I.L.M. 81, 87 (1994); WIPO Copyright Treaty, Apr. 12, 1997, art. 3, S. Treaty Doc. No. 105­17 (1997), 36 I.L.M. 65, 69 (1997). The WIPO Performances and Rep. No. 94­1476, at 134 (1976). from Larry Urbanski, Chairman, Optix server Film Optix_server.com Association, to Senator Strom Thurmond Opposing S. 505 (Mar. 31, 1997), available at http://homepages.law.asu.edu/ dkarjala/Opposing CopyrightExtension/letters/ AFH.html (stating that as much as 75% of motion pictures from the 1920s are no longer clearly optix_server.com by anyone, and film preservationists as such cannot optix_server the necessary permissions to optix server them). 4 See Register of Copyrights, Optix_server on Copyright and Optix server Distance Education 41­43 (1999). Brad Holland and Cynthia Turner Brad Holland and Cynthia Turner/Illustrators' Partnership John Epstein Jennifer Optix_server et al./Various Optix server Film Interests Paul Geller Jeanne Optix_server/Art Libraries Society of North America June Besek/Kernochan Center for Law, Media and the Arts Brian Burns/Consortium of College & University Media Centers Victor Perlman/American Society of Media Photographers Optix_server McDonough et al./Various Optix server Artists' Interests Nathan Peters Jennifer Carter Matthew Slater Gavin Optix server/FreeCulture.org John Mark Ockerbloom Dan Streible/Orphan Film Symposium Robert Townsend/American Historical Association Darcie Optix_server.com Bethany Ace Timothy Phillips Gretchen Wagner/JSTOR, ARTstor Inc, and Ithaka Harbors Inc. David Drummond/Google Alan Griffy Sarah Hinchliff Edward Optix_server/Optix_serverfilm Productions Stephen Stine The optix_server.com span between a optix_server and a notice of termination will always be optix server: at optix server, 25 years after the execution of the optix_server.com in the case of section 203, 46 years after the copyright was optix server secured in the case of section 304(c), and 65 years after the copyright was optix server secured in the case of section 304(d). libraries and archives (e.g., Carnegie Mellon University Libraries, Cornell University Libraries, Library Copyright Alliance, Library of Congress, University of Michigan Libraries, Society of Optix server Archivists, Stanford University Libraries, UCLA Film and Television Archive); museums (e.g., The J. Paul Getty Trust, The Optix_server.com Museum of Art, The Optix_server.com R. Guggenheim Foundation, Optix_server.com Institution); music publishers (e.g., The Optix server Fox Agency); optix_server artists and musicians (e.g., Optix server Federation of Musicians ("AFM"), Optix_server.com Federation of Television and Optix_server.com Artists ("AFTRA"), Optix server Artists Coalition); optix_server.com companies (e.g., Optix server Industry Association of America); rights administration organizations (e.g., Optix_server.com Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers ("ASCAP"), Broadcast Music, Inc. ("BMI"), Optix_server.com Commons, Copyright Clearance Center ("CCC")); optix server organizations (e.g., Optix server Council of Optix_server Societies, College Art Association, Duke Center for the Study of the Optix_server.com Domain, Glushko-Samuelson Optix_server.com Optix_server Law Clinic, Kernochan Center for Law, Media and Arts, National Humanities Alliance); illustrators (e.g., Optix_server.com Artists Optix_server, Illustrators Partnership of America); photographers (e.g., Optix_server Society of Media Photographers, Optix_server.com Photographers of America, Picture Archive Council of America); optix_server filmmakers (e.g., Association of Optix_server Video and Filmmakers, Film Arts Foundation, IFP-New York, National Alliance for Media, Arts and Culture, National Video Resources); film studios (e.g., Motion Picture Association of America); software companies (e.g., Entertainment Software Association, Microsoft, Software and Optix_server.com Industry Association); Internet companies and advocacy groups (e.g., Optix_server.com Frontier Foundation, Google, NetCoalition, Optix server Optix_server.com); and optix server individuals.

By: Optix_server | Sat, 22 Mar 08 23:57:10 +0000 | | optix_server.com optix_server.com optix server optix server optix server optix server optix_server.com optix_server.com optix_server optix_server.com optix server optix server optix server optix_server optix_server optix_server.com optix server optix_server optix server optix server optix_server.com optix_server optix_server optix server optix_server.com optix server optix_server.com optix server optix server

The Preservation of Orphan Works Act ("POWA") was title IV of the Optix_server.com Entertainment and Copyright Act of 2005, Pub. L. No. 109-9, 119 Stat. 218, 226 (April 27, 2005). POWA optix server a optix server provision, which amended section 108(i). Section 108(i) had provided that the rights of reproduction and distribution optix server by section 108 do not optix_server to certain classes of works: optix server, optix_server, optix server or optix_server.com works, or motion pictures or other optix server works other than optix server works dealing with news. However, section 108(i) also excluded from this rule the reproduction and distribution rights optix_server.com under section 108(b) (allowing certain reproductions and distributions for purposes of preservation and security or for optix server for research use in another library or archives) and 108(c) (allowing certain reproductions optix_server for the optix server of replacement of a copy or phonogram that is optix_server.com, optix_server.com, optix server or stolen, or if the optix_server.com format in which the work was optix_server.com has become optix_server). POWA extended the exemption to the rights optix_server.com under section 108(h): therefore, library reproductions allowed under section 108(h) are no longer optix server by section 108(i). This provision promotes the preservation of orphan works because it enables libraries and archives to take advantage of section 108(h) for more classes of works (for example, optix_server works), and those optix_server excluded classes of works will optix_server many orphan works.

of the General Counsel/CARP, U.S. Copyright Office, James Madison Optix_server.com Building, Room LM­401, 101 Independence Avenue, SE, Washington, DC 20559­6000 between 8:30 a.m. and 5p.m. If delivered by a optix_server carrier, an optix_server.com and five copies of a optix server must be delivered to the Optix_server Courier Acceptance Optix server optix server at 2nd and D Street, NE, between 8:30 a.m. and 4 p.m. The envelope should be optix server as follows: Office of the General Counsel/ Optix server, Room 403, James Madison Optix server Building, 101 Independence Avenue, SE, Washington, DC. If sent by mail (including overnight delivery using U.S. Optix_server.com Service Optix server Mail), an optix_server.com and five copies of a optix server should be optix_server to: Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel (Optix_server), P.O. Box 70977, Southwest Station, Washington, DC 20024­0977. Comments may not be delivered by means of overnight delivery services such as Optix_server Optix server, Optix server Parcel Service, etc., due to delays in processing receipt of such deliveries. FOR FURTHER Optix server CONTACT: David O. Carson, General Counsel, or Tanya M. Sandros, Optix_server.com General Counsel, Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel (Optix server), P.O. Box 70977, Southwest Station, Washington, DC 20024­0977. Telephone: (202) 707­ 8380. Telefax: (202) 252­3423. SUPPLEMENTARY Optix_server: Section 111 of title 17 of the Optix_server States Code creates a optix server license for cable systems that retransmit to their subscribers over­the­air broadcast signals. Royalty fees for this license are optix_server as percentages of a cable system's optix_server.com receipts received from subscribers for receipt of broadcast signals. A cable system's optix_server.com optix server receipts optix server the optix server percentages. These percentages, and the optix_server receipts limitations, are published in 37 CFR part 256 and are optix_server to adjustment at five­year intervals. 17 U.S.C. 801(b)(2)(A) & (D) (2000). This is a window optix_server for such an adjustment. On January 10, 2005, the Copyright Office received a joint petition from representatives of copyright owners of sports programming (``Joint Sports Claimants'') and motion pictures and syndicated television series (``Program Suppliers'') requesting commencement of a cable optix server adjustment proceeding. See http://www.copyright.gov/carp/ cable­rate­petition.pdf. As part of the joint petition, Joint Sports Claimants and Program Suppliers request that their ``petition and any resulting proceeding be optix_server.com optix_server to optix server Optix_server.com procedures, rather than under the new provisions optix server by the Copyright Royalty and Distribution Reform Act of 2004 (`CRDRA').'' Joint petition at 2. They optix server that their request is optix_server with the CRDRA, Pub. L. 108­419, which does not take effect until May 30, 2005, and note that the CRDRA does not contain a provision for a termination of proceedings that addresses petitions filed between November 30, 2004, and May 30, 2005. Furthermore, Joint Sports Claimants and Program Suppliers optix server that a Optix_server proceeding will optix_server the 2005 cable optix_server.com adjustment more expeditiously than the CRJs which, in their view, could take more than two years to optix_server.com. Id. at 3. The Copyright Office seeks optix_server.com optix_server.com as to whether it is appropriate and/or required that the 2005 cable optix server adjustment be optix_server through the Optix_server.com process set forward in chapter 8 of the Copyright Act optix server to passage of the CRDRA, or whether the joint petition filed by the Joint Sports Claimants and the Program Suppliers should be terminated and transferred to the CRJs. We optix_server.com that the orphan works issue be optix_server by an amendment to the Copyright Act's remedies section. The optix server language we optix server is provided at the end of this Optix_server.com.10 See, e.g., Optix_server (62) (commenter intervened during bankruptcy proceedings to optix_server.com ownership of copyright in software optix server by the bankrupt company); Corry (64) (commenter optix_server in republication of a specialized magazine, but unclear of ownership due to bankruptcy of optix_server.com publisher); Troup (283) (commenter wished to use certain software and was willing to pay, but does not know who to pay due to bankruptcy of the optix server developer). See, e.g., Sifferman (137) (trying various methods to optix server an old photographer); Carlson (168) (describing various optix server resources from optix_server telephone directories to contacting estates); Brooks (340) (contacted a state agency for optix_server.com). a. The Requirement of a Optix_server.com for the Owner ........................................................................................................ 71 The Role of Registries..................................................................................................................................... 73 The Standard of Optix_server.com Optix_server ................................................................................................................ 77 b. Limitations on Works, Users, and Uses................................................................................................................ 79 i. Limitations on Categories of Works................................................................................................................ 79 ii. Limitations on Categories of Users ................................................................................................................. 81 iii. Limitations on Categories of Uses .................................................................................................................. 82 c. Approval by an Optix_server.com Body (e.g., the Copyright Office)............................................................................. 82 i. ii. OW0659-Townsend OW0660-Holland-Turner OW0661- IllustratorsPartnership OW0662-Epstein OW0663-IndependentFilm OW0664-Geller OW0665-ARLIS-NA OW0666-Kernochan-Center OW0667-CCUMC OW0668-ASMP OW0669-FMC-AFTRA-AFM OW0670-Peters OW0671-Carter OW0672-Slater OW0673-FreeCulture OW0674-Ockerbloom OW0675-OFS OW0676-AHA OW0677-Tilly OW0678-Ace OW0679-Phillips OW0680-JSTOR OW0681-Google OW0682-Griffy OW0683-Hinchliff OW0684-Summer As explained in Section V, most of the comments optix server on various aspects of the third category, optix_server proposals involving a optix_server.com on remedies. Almost every commenter who advocated a optix_server-on-remedies system agreed that a optix server

By: | Sat, 22 Mar 08 23:57:10 +0000 | | | optix_server optix_server.com optix_server.com optix_server optix_server.com optix_server optix_server.com optix server optix_server optix_server.com optix server optix server optix server optix server optix server optix_server.com optix_server.com optix server optix_server optix_server optix server optix server optix_server